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For the past decade, the Maldives has experienced economic growth, mostly driven by tourism. As an archipelago comprised of small islands, the land area is limited and the resource base narrow, with low potential for agriculture and other industries and high vulnerability to climate change. Its small population is dispersed and fragmented, making delivery of services costly and difficult. With resources and services concentrated in the capital city...
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Despite economic growth, decreasing fertility rates, and rising education levels, women in Asia are on average 70% less likely than men to be in the labor force, with the country-to-country percentage varying anywhere from 3% to 80%. Results of a new simulation model suggest that closing the gender gap could generate a 30% increase in the per capita income of a hypothetical average Asian economy in one generation. This report discusses the reasons...
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Women's economic empowerment is essential for more inclusive growth in Cambodia. This study takes stock of major gender issues in the Cambodian economy seen through the lens of women's participation, benefit, and agency---the three prerequisites for a fairer distribution of growth benefits. It examines labor market trends and obstacles to women's economic empowerment---particularly in agriculture, business development, and wage employment. Labor migration...
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Over the last decade, Timor-Leste has made substantial progress in state building and strengthening the economy, governance, and infrastructure. Gender equality has been a fundamental principle in these efforts and remains key to achieving sustainable development into the future. This assessment examines gender issues across the different socioeconomic sectors of Timor-Leste, such as health, education, work, and political participation. It brings...
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This publication presents stories that showcase how improved connectivity has transformed lives---especially of women and girls---in rural communities of India. It presents the contributions of the Asian Development Bank's Rural Connectivity Investment Program (RCIP) in five states: Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. Enhanced connectivity has improved people's quality of life in the five RCIP states and contributed to a...
6) Gender Equality and the Labor Market: Women, Work, and Migration in the People's Republic of China
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made advances in narrowing gender gaps in its labor market. It has one of the highest female labor force participation rates in Asia and the Pacific at around 64% in 2013, and one of the narrowest earnings gender gaps. This study investigates how women are faring in the transition to the PRC's new growth model, and what can be done to promote women's participation. It shows how the PRC is undergoing multiple...
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Amid increasing demand for systematically collected statistics on asset ownership and control, the absence of standard guidelines and methods has constrained the collection and production of basic data. To fill this methodological gap, the Asian Development Bank, in collaboration with development partners, supports the efforts initiated under the global initiative Evidence and Data for Gender Equality, which aims to standardize methods of data collection...
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Bhutan has experienced extraordinary change since the 1960s when it opened itself to the world and started the process of planned development. It has transformed itself from a subsistence economy into a middle-income country with rising human development indicators. Yet progress comes with new challenges. These include differences in living conditions and opportunities between rural and urban areas that fuel rural-urban migration, labor shortages...
9) Firing Up Regional Brain Networks: The Promise of Brain Circulation in the ASEAN Economic Community
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The goal of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) of encouraging intraregional mobility must be understood in the context of changing population dynamics, rising educational levels and aspirations, and increasingly dynamic---if complex---economic forces. This report explores the forces that are poised to transform the supply, demand, and mobility of skilled professionals across ASEAN, and the unique opportunities their convergence presents...
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This publication is part of the commitment of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to document gender equality results in its operations. It presents case studies in ADB priority sectors: urban development, rural infrastructure, and education. The case studies provide an overview of gender issues, design features, and implementation arrangements that contributed to achieving gender-related targets in six ADB projects.
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This desk review explores the links between infrastructure development and women's time poverty in Asia and the Pacific by drawing on time-use data and reviewing existing research and evidence from impact evaluations. Three questions are asked: (i) What contribution does infrastructure make in reducing women's time poverty, and how is this being recorded? (ii) Are women's time savings resulting from increased access to infrastructure used for productive...
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Rapid gender assessments of 12 projects in four countries were undertaken as part of the Asian Development Bank's commitment to improving aid effectiveness. The assessment of three loans in Viet Nam found that positive gender equality results were achieved due to the implementation of gender action plans. Gender action plans were effective tools for ensuring that both women and men participated in and benefited from projects. Gender equality results...
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This publication presents a gender equality diagnostic of education, energy, transport, and water and sanitation in Sri Lanka-four sectors which are the major areas of cooperation between ADB and the Government of Sri Lanka. The sector-focused chapters provide insights into the gender equality issues and considerations relevant to sector planning, related government policies and legal frameworks and commitments, and institutional structures for promoting...
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Development Asia examines Asia's widening inequality from many different perspectives. It looks at the role of globalization in producing inequality, and considers the disputed relationship between inequality and economic growth. Beneath the gloss of Asia's newfound prosperity lies an unsettling reality. Rising inequality has denied the benefits of Asia's economic growth to many millions of its citizens. The problem is worsening as the region's rich...
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The new sustainable development agenda is expected to touch every country, person, and activity. Therefore, shouldn't every dollar count toward achieving it? Asia and the Pacific, home to more than half of humanity, has the money to improve the lives of all its people, and protect the planet in fair and durable ways. However, funds are in many hands, invested elsewhere, or used for various purposes. It is time to move beyond this fragmentation and...
16) Gender Mainstreaming in KALAHI–CIDSS National Community-Driven Development Program: An Assessment
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This publication examines the Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan---Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services National Community-Driven Development Program, which promotes women's participation and empowerment in the Philippines. The challenges and constraints observed in the program serve as lessons to enhance gender mainstreaming initiatives in community-driven development projects and programs.
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Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic...
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This publication, prepared by the Asian Development Bank in close cooperation with the Women's Committee of Uzbekistan, contains a comprehensive analysis of the socioeconomic aspects of gender equality in Uzbekistan. It covers a wide range of issues related to empowering women by increasing their economic activity in various sectors. The recommendations of the assessment can be used to develop a long-term strategy for the Asian Development Bank and...
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Women in Nepal have long experienced poverty, social exclusion, and marginalization because of their gender, especially among ethnic minorities and low-caste groups. Between 2002 and 2013, the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Nepal developed and implemented the Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Project to reduce poverty by empowering rural women and members of other disadvantaged groups through an integrated process of economic,...
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It is only by specifically considering the needs and concerns of women and girls that we design infrastructure and services that are truly inclusive. This three-country study analyzes the incidence and impacts of sexual harassment on public transport. It proposes simple design changes and policy considerations which when implemented, can change the behavior of targets, perpetrators and bystanders, and make public transportation systems a safer and...
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